From eb0b4f75f00fa8dc1b5e0c4a2ff0b6310ad7c1fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: LukeMathWalker <20745048+LukeMathWalker@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 24 May 2024 12:55:58 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Improve `Output` explanation. --- book/src/04_traits/10_assoc_vs_generic.md | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/book/src/04_traits/10_assoc_vs_generic.md b/book/src/04_traits/10_assoc_vs_generic.md index 58a63f2..7adaf1b 100644 --- a/book/src/04_traits/10_assoc_vs_generic.md +++ b/book/src/04_traits/10_assoc_vs_generic.md @@ -81,6 +81,11 @@ impl Add for u32 { type Output = u32; fn add(self, rhs: u32) -> u32 { + // ^^^ + // This could be written as `Self::Output` instead. + // The compiler doesn't care, as long as the type you + // specify here matches the type you assigned to `Output` + // right above. // [...] } } @@ -104,8 +109,31 @@ because `u32` implements `Add<&u32>` _as well as_ `Add`. ### `Output` -`Output`, on the other hand, **must** be uniquely determined once the types of the operands -are known. That's why it's an associated type instead of a second generic parameter. +`Output` represents the type of the result of the addition. + +Why do we need `Output` in the first place? Can't we just use `Self` as output, the type implementing `Add`? +We could, but it would limit the flexibility of the trait. In the standard library, for example, you'll find +this implementation: + +```rust +impl Add<&u32> for &u32 { + type Output = u32; + + fn add(self, rhs: &u32) -> u32 { + // [...] + } +} +``` + +The type they're implementing the trait for is `&u32`, but the result of the addition is `u32`. +It would be impossible[^flexible] to provide this implementation if `add` had to return `Self`, i.e. `&u32` in this case. +`Output` lets `std` decouple the implementor from the return type, thus supporting this case. + +On the other hand, `Output` can't be a generic parameter. The output type of the operation **must** be uniquely determined +once the types of the operands are known. That's why it's an associated type: for a given combination of implementor +and generic parameters, there is only one `Output` type. + +## Conclusion To recap: @@ -116,3 +144,8 @@ To recap: ## References - The exercise for this section is located in `exercises/04_traits/10_assoc_vs_generic` + +[^flexible]: Flexibility is rarely free: the trait definition is more complex due to `Output`, and implementors have to reason about + what they want to return. The trade-off is only justified if that flexibility is actually needed. Keep that in mind + when designing your own traits. + -- 2.45.2