IO.inspect [1, 2, true, "abc"] ++ [3, 2, "abc"] # Concatenate two lists.
IO.inspect [1, 2, true, "abc"] -- [3, 2, "abc"] # List subtraction.
IO.inspect(hd [1, 2, 3]) # Head of a list.
IO.inspect(tl [1, 2, 3]) # Tail of a list.

tuple = {:ok, "hello"}
IO.inspect(elem tuple, 1) # Get the second element of a tuple.

IO.inspect "ABC" <> "XYZ" # String concatenation.

l = [1, 2, 3]
[h | t] = l
IO.inspect {h, t}
IO.inspect [0 | l]
a = 2
{^a, b} = {2, 42} # Pin operator.
IO.inspect b, label: "b"
{x, x} = {10, 10} # 'x' must be bind to the same value.
IO.inspect x, label: "x"

str = "hëllö" <> <<0>> # Append a zero to the string (binary).
IO.inspect str, binaries: :as_binaries

IO.inspect(<<3::4>> === <<0::1, 0::1, 1::1, 1::1>>) # Same binaries: 3 encoded on 4 bits.
IO.inspect(is_binary <<0xFF, 0x5A>>) # true.
IO.inspect(is_binary <<0xFF, 0xF::4>>) # false: binaries must be on a multiple of 8 bits.
IO.inspect(is_bitstring <<0xFF, 0xF::4>>) # true.

# Pattern matching on binaries.
<<x::utf8, rest::binary>> = "über"
IO.inspect(x === ?ü) # true.

# 'charlist': the string in Erlang.
IO.inspect('hëllò', charlists: :as_lists)
IO.inspect(to_string('hëllò') == "hëllò") # true.
IO.inspect('hëllò' == to_charlist("hëllò")) # true.

# keyword list.
IO.inspect([{:a, 1}, {:b, 2}] === [a: 1, b: 2]) # true.
IO.inspect(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3) # Brackets omitted.

# Maps.
map = %{:a => 1, 2 => :b}
IO.inspect map[:a] # Print 1.
IO.inspect map.a # Special syntax with atom key, print 1.
IO.inspect map[2] # Print ':b'.
IO.inspect map[3] # Print 'nil'.
%{:a => a} = map
IO.inspect a # Print 1.
IO.inspect %{map | 2 => "two"} # Updating 'map'.

# Module.
defmodule Math do
    def sum(a, b) do
        a + b
    end
end

IO.inspect Math.sum(1, 2)